Bidding Competition and the UPP Test
نویسنده
چکیده
Farrell and Shapiro (2008) have proposed a test – called the Upward Pricing Pressure (“UPP”) test – to evaluate potential unilateral effects of horizontal mergers. The UPP test is based on the Bertrand model of price competition with differentiated products. Accordingly, the UPP test can be applied to mergers in industries where suppliers post prices and customers choose which supplier(s) to buy from based on the posted prices.
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